The definitive healthcare jobs guide 2018

The complete medicinal services employments direct 2018 There’s a decent possibility you’re perusing this occupations manage in light of the fact that you’ve heard that the human services industry is overly hot at the present time. Also, it’s valid! Be that as it may, if you’re simply beginning, or considering a lifelong change, how would you get in on this quickly developing field? Let’s take a gander at the significant inquiries to consider before you dive in and focus on your new industry. Which social insurance field is directly for you?One of the best parts about human services right currently is its flexibility yet that can likewise be somewhat of a revile, in light of the fact that how would you choose?Hands-On HealthcareWhen you consider â€Å"healthcare,† you presumably consider center occupations like a doctor, nurture, home wellbeing associate, specialist, and so on. These experts are the ones working straightforwardly with patients, diagnosing, rewarding, and thinking about indi viduals at various focuses all the while. In the event that you’re not hesitant to get very close with patients and have a high resilience for things like organic liquids, you should consider taking this path.Healthcare Technology†¦but there are additionally a ton of in the background alternatives if working with patients isn’t your sack, or drawing blood causes you to feel black out. Social insurance innovation, which can include everything from the advanced foundation behind electronic clinical records to the cutting edge gear that clinical suppliers use, is an approach to be associated with one of the quickest developing pieces of the wellbeing business. IT, similar to medicinal services, is a field that is interminably developing nowadays so in the event that you have building, programming, and undertaking the executives aptitudes, you should consider work in social insurance innovation systems.Healthcare Administration/ManagementJust as there are more employm ents than any time in recent memory for human services experts, the requirement for solid authoritative emotionally supportive networks is developing too. Emergency clinics, centers, research labs, protection companies†¦all of them need experts to oversee records, handle coding and charging, keep up clinical workplaces, and for the most part keep things running easily to help persistent consideration. Also, as with clinical innovation, social insurance organization can be a decent choice if your ranges of abilities are increasingly broad, and you’re hoping to practice or venture into a field with solid employer stability and chances for progression. For regulatory places that include clinical aptitude as well (like clinical helping), you can frequently finish declaration projects or take wording classes to assist you with working up your clinical bona fides.Do you have to return to school?Short answer†¦maybe. For non-clinical occupations, as in organization or innov ation, experience and training in those general zones are regularly enough to begin in the human services claim to fame. Be that as it may, for places that request progressively explicit aptitude, preparing, or confirmation, you may need to get ready for extra adjusts of tutoring. Be that as it may, here’s the uplifting news: few out of every odd clinical preparing program is a medications school-level duty; numerous projects extend from present moment Associate’s programs (like dental hygienists) to a four-year degree (like most attendants). What's more, for certain employments, similar to home wellbeing associate, a secondary school confirmation is sufficient to get you in the entryway at the passage level.It’s likewise imperative to recall that most wellbeing vocations are administered by state necessities for accreditation and authorizing, so whatever way you pick, make certain to comprehend what your own state’s prerequisites are for that job.Where a re the most medicinal services jobs?The end result is that social insurance occupations, when all is said in done, are becoming pretty much all over the place however in the event that you need to follow the most development, head to the most crowded states. As indicated by the U.S. Department of Labor Statistics, the most elevated grouping of employments for medicinal services experts and social insurance tech were found in the accompanying states:CaliforniaTexasNew YorkFloridaPennsylvaniaFor human services bolster occupations (like organization), these are the main five states:New YorkCaliforniaTexasFloridaOhioThings appear to be incredible now, yet what’s the standpoint for health awareness jobs?Very brilliant without a doubt! Per the U.S. Agency of Labor Statistics, work in medicinal services occupations no matter how you look at it is required to develop at any rate 18% among now and 2026. That’s essentially quicker than normal for all occupations and converts int o about 2.4 million employments among now and 2026. Various variables are driving this interest yet particularly a developing populace by and large, and a maturing populace specifically. Changes in human services strategy additionally drive the development, particularly in territories like clinical organization and medical coverage. As our wellbeing needs develop increasingly various and progressively mind boggling, there will be a huge number of employments opening to help keep pace.So if you’re considering going into the wellbeing business as an amateur or as a distinct advantage, there’s prone to be a way that works for your specific aptitudes and your objectives. Good karma!

A Patch of Blue Elizabeth Kata Free Essays

In her novel, A Patch of Blue, Elizabeth Kata recounts to an account of Selina, a multi year old visually impaired young lady who meets and builds up a relationship with Gordon, a more seasoned dark man. Gordon helps Selina acknowledge numerous deepest desires, however not without certain downsides. One of the drawbacks of Selina and Gordon’s relationship is that he can retain informing her regarding the shade of his skin. We will compose a custom paper test on A Patch of Blue Elizabeth Kata or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now Selina loathes dark individuals in light of the fact that the main shading that she can see is dark, and she has developed to scorn it. Rose-Ann and Ole Pa likewise don’t like dark individuals, and Selina has along these lines grown up to accept that she as well, should abhor Negroes. For instance, she meets a young lady named Pearl. Since Selina is visually impaired, she has no chance to get of realizing that Pearl is dark. Ole Pa returns and reveals to Selina that Pearl was a dark young lady. Selina in a split second thinks â€Å"Black! I detested Pearl. I had enough dark in my life. † Selina was thrilled to have met Gordon anyway thus her home life was made progressively troublesome because of this fellowship. Consistently before Ole Pa would leave for ‘Mens’ she would request that he take her to the recreation center. As a rule, he would blow up and state no leaving Selina to concoct some scheming method to get him to state yes. Being with Gordon was gradually instructing her to express her real thoughts and express her sentiments. Rose-Ann appeared to feel that Selina was only a product who shouldn’t think or talk. Nearly at whatever point Selina spoke Rose-Ann would sleeve her for the ‘rudeness. ’ This made Selina increasingly intense and the outcomes got harder for her to deal with. At a certain point, Selina is so panicked of Rose-Ann rage that she stows away under the bed. Rose-Ann hauls her out shouting â€Å"Oh you whore. Gracious you skank! † Selina is no whore. There are a few focal points of Selina and Gordon’s companionship, the first being the numerous new encounters he gives her. Not all were sure encounters, however they were all energizing and new. Gordon gives her some pineapple juice, which she has never tasted. Selina immediately cherishes the taste depicting it as drinking â€Å"†¦beautiful fruity stuff from bottles†¦Ã¢â‚¬  They likewise go to Gordon’s loft, which is the place numerous new things occur for Selina. The first of these is her first taxi ride. In the first place, she was terrified, however was in the end urged into it by Gordon and she winds up speculation â€Å"I would have preferred a more drawn out drive. † They at that point go into the lift up to his home, which additionally alarms her and she winds up preferring. Once in his loft, Selina finds that it contains cover, which is something she had never imagined could be in a spot where you live. Also, Gordon guarantees Selina opportunity by revealing to her that it is feasible for her go to class. She would go to a school particularly for the visually impaired. This would expel her from her current home which is damaged by disregard and misuse. Gordon will acquaint Selina with Alice Bradden who is likewise visually impaired, and has a seeing-eye hound named Duke. Going to class would permit Selina to think carefully to her maximum capacity and to get the hang of everything that she needs to know, not exactly what the radio advises her. The fundamental preferred position to Selina’s newly discovered companionship with Gordon turns into her preferred word: companion. Gordon gives Selina a few solid blessings. One is a couple of shades, to shroud her face, which was distorted by the corrosive. The other is a music box, which Selina doesn't have to see to have the option to appreciate. Gordon Ralfe helps Selina develop her confidence and certainty. He instructs her to such as herself by imparting some mental self portrait. Selina begins to look all starry eyed at Gordon, and he develops to adore her. Maybe the best endowment of all anyway is that of resistance, his preferred word. Gordon instructs Selina to adore everything, regardless of what shading, shape, or size it is. The most effective method to refer to A Patch of Blue Elizabeth Kata, Essay models

Sometimes, I am invisible

Sometimes, I am invisible This weekend, I was an invisible woman. Flashback: There’s a festival in Davis Square with an array of arts and crafts vendors. I’ve been to several similar events already. A couple friendly vendors had remarked on my bright red hair. It’s noticeable. Not in Davis Square though. No, this is a fancier event. The handmade cups here cost $68. And I am wearing shorts, a t-shirt, and shoes that cost less combined. My hair fades in the eyes of the vendors and I become invisible. They talk to the customers around me, but not to me. I can’t help being a 5’3” young-looking female. I can’t buy a $68 cup of awareness. I wish to be conspicuous and big and loud when… … I go to CVS with my partner and hand my purchases to the cashier and slide my card and pay for my things, but then the cashier hands my boyfriend the receipt and says, “Thank you, sir.” … bus drivers and vendors and other professional adults call me, “dearie,” “honey,” or “miss, even though we don’t know each other and I’m certainly not a “dearie” and how can they know I’m a “miss”? … I take an advanced math class at The Ohio State University and I am one of three females in a class of 30? 40? When I visit MIT and sit in on a similar math class, there are only a couple more female students. And when I visit Harvard, only a quarter of the math department are women. … I do not get credit for my project at work, a new and important project that I completed with little help. My boss says it’s great, then takes my words and, at the last minute, says that he’ll use them instead. Two days later, I find out that he’s re-assigned the project to a male co-worker. He doesn’t tell me this. I still don’t get credit. … we’re having discussions on personal identity in an MIT class, in pairs, and a classmate comes up to me and declares, “You’re my partner.” After hearing out his response, I say that gender identity is important to me. He begins to explain in detail why male privilege and the gender wage gap are bad. “It’s awful and unfair,” he says at the end of his speech, “but it’s there.” It’s time to switch pairs, and I’ve only said five words in our whole conversation. I receive the same lecture from two more male classmates on their awareness of male privilege the wage gap. “Well, at least you acknowledge it,” I respond. Switch pairs. There have also been times when I wished to be invisible. Like… … that one time a man in a subway station at 10 pm kept calling after me, and I took out my headphones to hear what he was saying: “You dropped something. You dropped something.” Did I? I asked him what I had dropped. He said, “My heart.” And I didn’t know what to say because I wanted to say, “Fuck you!” but I didn’t know if he would make a scene. If he would pursue me after shouting at me for so long. If he would hurt me. And while I was deciding, he said, “What’s your name? Can I have your number?” and held out a hand with a bloody tissue in it. Did he cut his hand in a fight? Was he violent? I turned and left and made the music in my headphones painfully loud so I couldn’t hear what he was yelling at me. I kept saying in my head what I couldn’t say to him directly. “Fuck you! Do you know that you just ruined my day? What were you expecting? Why why why would you talk to me like that?” That night, in my mind, I kept seeing the crumpled stained tissue in his hand and I crossed Park Street Station off the list of places where I could feel safe. … one time, when, from a car full of never previously seen young men, I heard “You suck!” And a male friend of mine said later, “It’s ok. They do that to show off in front of their friends. It doesn’t mean anything. Don’t worry about it.” But how could I not worry about it when I got yelled at in the middle of the day and didn’t know why? … one time when I was enjoying a walk towards a beautiful sunset and an older man in a car that passed too closely showed me what inappropriate things he wanted me to do him. I had just turned 18, and probably didn’t look like it. I turned away from him, and the sunset, and headed home. Maybe he was showing off. But could I risk being sure? … that one time I went to a grocery store and the cashier suddenly said I’m his “amor” even though I didn’t know him and I was just being polite when he said he also likes Oreos. I tried to ignore the isolated incident but when I left the store a young homeless man asked me for money, and I responded politely, “Sorry, I don’t have any cash,” because I wanted to be a decent human. And he said, “That’s ok, pretty. What’s your number?” And when I was finally in a subway station a group of men stared at me, even when I got to the other side of the platform. They yelled something at me but I knew for sure that I didn’t drop anything this time. I wish to be invisible in these times because I am scared. Because I do not know these men’s intents. Because I don’t know who’s just trying to show off and who means it. Because I don’t know where I’m safe. I am tired, really really tired of scanning my surroundings as soon as the sun sets, staring into darker streets and busier roads, making assumptions about pedestrians that I do not want to make. And despite everything, in the light or in the dark, the creeps always catch me off guard. There are times when the world is really really good. When I am called “ma’am” instead of “honey” or when a bus driver asks me how my day is as we’re waiting to leave. Because he looks genuinely interested and his tone is not in the least bit condescending. I smile and say that, yes, the weather is nice but maybe a bit too hot and, yes, I guess it will get cold soon. It’s Boston and you can always talk about the weather.

William Shakespeare s King Lear - 978 Words

Albany is constantly insulted for his feebleness; however, he gains his masculine power as the result of the gender role’s oppression and conflict. Besides providing the crucial concept of gender role’s conflicts within King Lear, Shakespeare also renders a twist within this issue as either gender can be easily afflicted by the gender role’s alteration. Albany plays the role of balancing good and evil in the entire play, but he is still affected by Goneril’s vile characteristic. In the article, â€Å"Albany as Archetype in King Lear† by Warren Stevenson, the author further explains, â€Å"In Act IV, scene ii, he has grown from the passive but inquisitive agent of Act I, scene iv, to a man roused to active and righteous passion. He gives full expression of his horror at the wrongs and of his disgust with Goneril† (Stevenson 220). Even though the readers do not see much dialogue from Albany, Shakespeare yearns to maintain Albany as a passive ma le character in the beginning without much action committed. Later on in the story, the readers can perceive a disadvantageous situation occurs to him as his pride is degraded by Goneril. Ultimately, Albany’s passive characteristic is crucially afflicted by Goneril’s corrupted masculine power. Even if Goneril continuously attacks Albany’s manhood, Shakespeare wants the readers to understand that within this precarious situation, Albany can only be allowed to express his aggravation through words without committing atrocious action towards Goneril.Show MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear1564 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is universally known for his literary output both in poetry and drama. Whether through his laugh-invoking comedies or his heart-wrenching tragedies, Shakespeare’s plays have changed the course of literature. Many of his plays about love are widely praised by all, but Shakespeare s King Lear differs from the rest due to i ts definition of love. King Lear serves as an battleground between deception and compassion, between flattery and honesty. Rather than focusing on romantic loveRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear1550 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION: By facilitating the growth of evil within William Shakespeare’s King Lear, it is evident that the tragedy’s protagonist, King Lear can be held accountable for his own victimization and ultimate downfall. The most notable aspects of this self-induced victimization include Lear’s own lack of practical wisdom and divergence from the natural order, combined with the neglect of kingship, that enables Lear as a tragic hero to create the conceptual framework in which the ulterior motives ofRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear3086 Words   |  13 PagesJerion Young Ms. Woods English IV 4 March 2015 King Lear William Shakespeare uses several literary elements in his writing, elements which are especially apparent in his play, King Lear. Shakespeare uses excellent creativity and description when writing this tragedy. â€Å"Neither has Shakespeare placed in the mouth of any other character in this play such fatalistic expressions as may be found in King Lear and occasionally elsewhere†(A.C. 2003). The way King Lear talks in this play is very evil compared toRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear1611 Words   |  7 Pagesexperience life-changing events that jeopardize our sense of identity and make us question how we value ourselves. Our perception of our worth can change with what we learn through our existence, much like the characters in the play King Lear by William Shakespeare. Adversity and hardship are inevitable when characters are unable to connect themselves within their own identity or find a loss of self at some point in their role. The self-awareness, an essential a spect of their role, of many ofRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear1320 Words   |  6 Pagesothers. Having strong communication skills allows one to better understand the situation at hand. Proper communication is essential to working out problems because of this reason. In the play King Lear by William Shakespeare, Lear communicating with his daughters, Gloucester communicating with his sons, and Lear communicating with Kent are all examples of failure of communication, which later lead to consequences and hardships that the characters must face. Without proper communication, people willRead MoreBlindness By William Shakespeare s King Lear2212 Words   |  9 PagesMaysoun Deeb Mr. A. T. Lebar EN4UN-04 13 July 2015 King Lear Blindness by definition, according to dictionaries, is â€Å"unable to see and lacking the sense of sight† by which King Lear, the classic tragic play written by William Shakespeare, illustrated the concept of blindness amongst his characters as the leading theme. King Lear and Gloucester were the characters that have been conflicted by this â€Å"blindness† that may or may not change their personalities in the very end of the play. Gloucester becomesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear1546 Words   |  7 PagesTwo Sides to Every Person There are two sides to every story; that of the protagonist and that of the antagonist. As shown in the Shakespearean play King Lear, there is very little difference between the two. Edmund, who appears to be a villain, is more than meets the eye. His evil is a rebellion against the social order that denies him legitimacy. His villainy does not come from innate cruelty but from misdirected desire for familial love. His remorse in the end displays his humanity and blindnessRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear1510 Words   |  7 PagesShakespeare’s King Lear deals with tragic human relationship like the other tragedies of the author, but this story was written in social aspect and raises the doubtful point on legitimacy of some political systems. In this play, various characters form multi-layered kconflict relations. Thus, the story is being propelled towards tragedy due to numerous inner and outer conflicts of each character. However, as it is brought into being a charact er, Edgar in the end of the story, it implies new beginningRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear1470 Words   |  6 Pagesduring the Elizabethan era, making it relatable to all audiences, especially the modern audience, leaving room for multiple perspectives and understanding of the play. Shakespeare’s play ‘King Lear’, depicts the main protagonist’s ‘gradual descent into madness’ as a result of the forces of evil acting in the play for Lear has, to an extent, have sinned though it can’t outweigh that he has been sinned against. This is confirmed through Lear’s injudiciousness to see through his two eldest daughter’s internalRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear 1306 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"All...shall taste the wages of their virtue...the cup of their deservings. (5.3.317-320)† King Lear is frequently regarded as one of Shakespeare’s masterpieces, and its tragic scope touches almost all facets of the human condition: from the familial tensions between parents and children to the immoral desires of power, from the follies of pride to the false projections of glory. However, one theme rings true throughout the play, and that very theme is boundless suffering, accentuated by the gruesome

A Deadly Mistake Uncovered on Student Argument Essay Samples and How to Avoid It

A Deadly Mistake Uncovered on Student Argument Essay Samples and How to Avoid It The Appeal of Student Argument Essay Samples Just save these points and continue reading to find out what each among them should consist of to have the desired influence on the target audience. These sites can be greatly beneficial for you whether you interested in finding a completely free sample that correlates with your wants and requirements. An argumentative essay example will reveal the should possess some crucial components which make it better in the practice of convincing. Do not trust your own comprehension or unsubstantiated suppositions to generate your case. Student Argument Essay Samples: No Longer a Mystery Searching for inexpensive customized essays, you might come across some totally free samples readily available online. Care ought to be taken that the data utilised in the essay is pertinent to the topic. Watch this video to find out more about the An argumentative essay is a certain type of academic writing. Go back over the full essay and search for any spelling or grammatical errors. If you're worried that you won't have the ability to locate an inexpensive essay writing service capable of dealing with your academic papers, we're here to prove you wrong. It is advised to look for the one which has a very good reputation and offers high-quality papers at very affordable rates. Regrettably, it may be hard to pick a topic for this type of paper. PaperCoach will be able to help you with all your papers, so take a look at this time! There are quite a lot of ways to compose an essay so you'll hardly locate an all-included recipe for a great many essay occasions. Possessing a well written introduction is important to a thriving essay. You may have a look at the extra details about how to compose an eye-catching essay introduction with a hook. The conclusion ought to be absolutely the most powerful portion of the essay. Before concluding the essay, it is important to summarise with a strong emphasis on the subject. Provide a quick review of the essay and tie it all back to one last argument. This part has the major argument. It's not sufficient to simply disagree with a different point of view or opinion. Emphasize your position is the very best by summarizing the key points of your argument. Do a little reading on either side of the argument, and list the points for either side. The majority of the details for the outline needs to be concentrated on the principal body. Structure The debut of the essay includes paragraph one and the very first half of paragraph two. The structure of your paper's outline is exactly like the structure of your whole essay. By now you're probably inclined to find an outstanding argumentative essay outline template. Understanding how to compose a strong argumentative paper can help you advance your very own argumentative thinking. An essay was defined in an assortment of means. Moreover, our English-speaking writers make sure every order has original content and an appropriate structure. Students may go through these samples before availing help from us so they can get a notion about the standard of the solutions we provide. When you haven't introduced any type of solution in your essay, perhaps encourage other people to become more conscious of your topic. The period student has been notoriously difficult to define even though it's such a popular word. If you get a massive ego, it would be hard for you to be considered a student. Explain the interest in this subject. Bear in mind an argumentative essay is based more on facts rather than emotion. Bear in mind that the period of your essay is dependent upon the assignment offered to you. You can also see descriptive essay. In order to really convince readers of your standpoint, the argumentative essay must also check at the opposing views. Narrative can be organized in numerous thematic or formal. Students may understand their topics using the samples readily available on our site. They can get free access to these. What You Need to Do About Student Argument Essay Samples Before It Is Too Late Becoming in a position to compose a strong argument will allow you to succeed in society. Most conclusions are just a paragraph in length as the conclusion is predicted to be an overview of the whole essay. No body is going to assist you to and you also also may help no body. Each paragraph within the body of this perceptive essay identifies and examines an unstated assumption that is essential to the argument. By showing that every assumption is extremely suspect, this essay demonstrates the weakness of the whole argument. An argumentative essay presents either side of a problem. It is a type of essay that presents arguments about both sides of an issue.

The Impacts Of Invasive Alien Plants Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

Chapter 1 Research on the impacts of invasive foreigner workss ( IAP ) on biodiversity, ecosystem services and procedures have been good documented in the literature. Furthermore, the primary focal point of this research was the negative impacts associated with IAPs when there are some benefits associated with these workss. Limited research has besides addressed the issue of IAP impact on the supports and wellbeing of local land-users. We will write a custom essay sample on The Impacts Of Invasive Alien Plants Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sing that limited resources are available to turn to the issue of IAP at big, quantification of stakeholder perceptual experience is needed to maximize IAP direction. Through this thesis, an probe into the spread and impacts of IAPs in the rural parts of the Agulhas Plain every bit good as the perceptual experiences, utilizations, costs and benefits associated with IAPs and the importance of these workss to the supports of the local communities was carried out. The intent of this research is to supply a better apprehension of the possible impacts of invasive works species on the supports of people. This local cognition can help research workers by supplying context specific information about impacts, which can so be used for future preservation actions. Motivation The damaging effects of IAPs on ecosystems and biodiversity, ecosystem goods and services the economic system of human endeavors and human wellness have been good documented in the literature ( e.g. Ging et Al. 2004, Nel et Al. 2004, Shackleton et al. 2007 ) . Invasion by foreign species have been reported as a major menace to the biodiversity and operation of sensitive ecosystems ( Turpie et al. 2003, Richardson and Van Wilgen 2004, Van Wilgen et Al. 2008 ) . It has been shown that invasive species are really successful in viing for resources with native species and can modify fuel tonss by altering the sum of litter autumn ( Behenna et al. 2008 ) . Invasive foreigner workss are besides capable of changing the natural food fluxs by switching the N content due to alterations in the litter autumn ( Behenna et al. 2008 ) . Dense stands of acacias along the rivers in the Western Cape replace and except native fynbos species ( Blanchard and Holmes 2008 ) . Invasive foreigner workss besid es pose one of the greatest immediate menaces to flowered diverseness in the fynbos and have the ability gaining control huge sums of H2O ( Turpie et al. 2003 ) . In contrast, research researching the effects of IAPs on the supports of local, rural communities has received small attending ( McGarry et al. 2005, Shackleton et al. 2007 ) . Not all of the impacts exerted by IAPs are negative as these works species is a beginning of both costs and benefits ( Bardsley and Edward-Jones 2006 ) . Assorted workss have been introduced to South Africa for a assortment of intents ( Van Wilgen et Al. 2001 ) . These include species intrudes for harvest production, lumber and firewood, garden ornamentals, for dune stabilization and hedge workss ( Van Wilgen et Al. 2001 ) . Several of these have become established and some of the established species are now invasive ( Van Wilgen et Al. 2001 ) . Costss are experienced when these invasive species impede the operation of societal and ecological systems ( Bardsley and Edward-Jones 2006 ) . Benefits, on the other manus, are experienced when the same traits ( such as robustness and high fruitfulness ) that lead to these species going invasives, contribute to their utility ( Bardsley and Edward-Jones 2006 ) . Rural communities are exposed to IAPs in different ways ( Shackleton et al. 2007 ) . The result is that that these communities have to weigh up the tradeoffs between the possible positive benefits of IAPs as a natural resource and the negative impacts exercised by these species on ecosystem goods and services and in bend on human support ( Shackleton et al. 2007 ) . It is by and large accepted that the negative effects of IAPs on ecosystem goods and services are transferred straight to human wellbeing ( Shackleton et al. 2007 ) . This has been proven otherwise by research workers such as de Neergaard and others ( 2005 ) , Shackleton and others ( 2007 ) and Kull and others ( 2011 ) who illustrated that IAPs can be integrated significantly by local communities in their life styles as either a beginning of tannic acids and lumber, for firewood, constructing stuff, every bit good as for medicative extractions and fiscal income by selling of firewood. Working for Water ( WfW ) , an IAP obliteration programme, was launced in 1995 with the purpose of reconstructing natural capital by commanding occupying species and enhance H2O security ( Van Wilgen et Al. 1998 ) . Simultaneously, the programme aims to relieve poorness by supplying employment to underprivileged communities ( Van Wilgen et Al. 1998 ) . To day of the month, the WfW programme has developed into one of the biggest preservation undertakings in Africa with respect to manpower, costs and impact ( Ndhlovu 2011 ) . Immense sponsorships have contributed towards extended countries being cleared and a big Numberss of persons being employed ( Binns et al. 2001, Turpie et Al. 2008 ) . Conversely, the socio-economic benefits of the WfW programme have non been entirely assessed regardless of the programmes extended activities and significant sponsorships associated with it ( Turpie et al. 2008 ) . Additionally, the usage of these workss by rural communities is non good understood and rarely integrated into obliteration programmes as stated below: The deficiency of information on the socio-economic impacts of IAS has been singled out as a major barrier to the execution of comprehensive national IAS direction programmes and as one of the chief grounds for the failure of IAS issues to have conspicuously in the mainstream docket of most states ( Peter, 2009 ) . Quantification of stakeholder perceptual experience on the impacts of IAPs is indispensable in order authorize an statement for the control and direction of invasive works species ( Peter, 2009 ) . Though it is critical to understand anthropogenetic impacts on landscapes and ecosystems through ecological cognition of invasive species, an improved apprehension of the societal procedures is besides required to inform both species direction and preservation policy ( Peter 2009 ) . There is a deficit of information sing the socio-economic impact of foreign species soon found in South Africa. Even in good studied countries such as the Cape Floristic Region, the scope of the impact of invasive workss is ill understood. Additionally, limited research has besides been done with respect to the socio-economic impacts of foreign obliteration programmes in the Western Cape. Consequently, there is a demand for comprehensive research that investigates the holistic impacts ( both negative and positive ) of IAPs on the supports and wellbeing of local communities. Goals and Aims Sing the above, the aim of this survey was to measure the effects and impacts of IAP infestation on human wellbeing, with the focal point on the effects of IAPs on the supports of rural land users in the Western Cape, South Africa. The chief research inquiry that directs the survey is as follow: What are the impacts of invasive foreigner workss on the supports of rural land users? This research inquiry was broken down into seven cardinal inquiries. These cardinal inquiries were adapted from the literature ( see McGarry et Al. 2005 ) . Cardinal Questions What is the significance of the natural environment to the community? What are people ‘s attitudes towards and perceptual experiences of IAPs? How of import are IAPs for human wellbeing and supports? Are the IAPs used for nutriment, for domestic demands, etc. ? Are IAPs sold to supply an income? Does the local community perceive IAPs as holding a positive or negative impact on spiritualty, civilization and/or aesthetics? How make IAPs in the country affect the supply of ( other ) ecosystem goods and services which are of import to people ‘s supports? What are people ‘s attitudes towards IAP direction? What are the impacts of IAP obliteration programmes on supports? What is the impact of IAP distribution on land-use patterns? What are the long-run and short-run additions and losingss for human wellbeing and support as a consequence of IAP impact? The survey site is extremely dependent on countries where rural communities are still extremely reliant on bring forthing an income from the land. Additionally, the survey site must besides follow with the usage of IAPs by the local community and in the same light IAPs must be potentially regarded as a job by the local community. The Agulhas Plain, situated within the Cape Floristic Region ( CFR ) , has been selected as the focal point country for this survey as it meets the above mentioned standards. Study country The Agulhas Plain ( AP ) is located within the CFR which is internationally known as a planetary biodiversity hot spot ( Turpie et al. 2003 ) . The CFR, known for its Mediterranean type clime, is the most floristically rich of the seven diverse biomes allocated in South Africa with an estimated 9600 works species of which 70 % are endemic ( Richardson and Sekhran 2009 ) . The AP, consisting an country of 270A 000 hour angle, is located at the southern-most tip of South Africa and is a species-rich country known for its fire-prone coastal lowland fynbos and infertile dirts ( Richardson and Sekhran 2009, Treurnicht 2010 ) . It is internationally recognised as a â€Å" Centre for indigenousness † ( Treurnicht 2010 ) . This country is nevertheless progressively threatened by habitat transmutation and foreigner works invasion ( Turpie et al. 2003 ) , the latter being the focal point of this survey. Fynbos wild flower agriculture and harvest home, peculiarly from natural flora, forms an built-in portion of this country ‘s economic activity and contributes vastly to this part ‘s agricultural sector ( Treurnicht 2010 ) . This has been shown Turpie and others ( 2003 ) who stated that natural fynbos flora are estimated to be accountable for 57.6 % of the CFR ‘s turnover, which were equal to R90.5 million in the twelvemonth 2000. The Agulhas Plain is practically responsible for the largest portion of this turnover ( Turpie et al. 2003 ) . Study restrictions It was non possible to make a systematic and thorough research in all the countries on the Agulhas Plain were IAP infestation occurs due to the clip restriction of this survey. It was therefore decided to make a elaborate and comprehensive micro focal point i.e. instance survey on the socio-economic impacts of invasive foreigner workss and to garner every bit much consistent information as possible by agencies of interviews. Elim and the environing agrarian communities were consequently selected as the survey group. Study site choice Elim and the environing agrarian communities were chosen as the best suited survey site harmonizing to the undermentioned grounds: It was established during the visits prior and during the pilot survey that this rural colony and its neighbouring farms still relies on woody IAPs as either a primary or a auxiliary beginning of energy. It was noted during field visits that the countries surround the colony every bit good as the neighbouring farms are invaded to a significant grade. There has been active foreign obliteration programmes in the country since 1998 i.e. Working for Water every bit good as LandCare under the sections of Water Affairs and Agriculture severally. Thesis lineation Chapter 1 – Introduction Chapter 2 – Literature Reappraisal Chapter 3 – Methods, Results and Discussion Chapter 4 – Deductions for direction and policies How to cite The Impacts Of Invasive Alien Plants Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Peaks and Valleys free essay sample

On the white, sandy beach in St. Pete I finally knew what I wanted to do in my life. I knew where I was going and what I should be. Sometimes in hard times, you see your true goals. You find who you are, and that is exactly what happened to me. I realized what I should major in, I realized where I wanted to start my life. Though I had been going through my lowest time God shed light on who I was meant to be. For my 16th birthday, my ex-boyfriend, my mother and I hopped on a flight and went to Florida. It had been really rough the past months before. I had been abused in multiple ways and had been keeping quiet about it. I was on the edge of giving up on everything, but then my mom had surprised me with a trip to Florida. The day of my birthday was 5 days into the trip. We will write a custom essay sample on Peaks and Valleys or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We left Saturday and my birthday was on that upcoming Wednesday. So, on Wednesday we went to the beach of my choice. It was the white, sandy beach of St. Petersburg. From a 3-hour car ride, I was so excited to just lay in the sand and tan. But from the parking lot, we had to go through a trail to get to the sand. And as the amazing view started to peak through the bushes, I was at home. It was warm and I could feel it wrap my skin with an excited welcome. I fell in love with the vibes. Realizing what you were meant to do in life is the most reassuring thing anyone could ever feel. It makes you feel like you have a reason to be on earth. And a lot of times people lose sight of that idea of belonging, and it makes continuing hard. It makes living seem stupid and unreasonable, and I had been stooping to that point. It was so rough, but looking at the horizon while I was paddle boarding and realizing Im so small but I can have a big impact on other people by becoming a psychologist. I had been through hell and back, and I knew from my life experiences I could help others to the right path. I knew that I needed to spend the rest of my life in St. Petersburg so I wouldn’t quit on the thought of not sacrificing my happiness to help others. You never really know what your life plan is, but when you get a small glimpse of it†¦ Its so relieving. You have to take that ray of hope and hold onto ittight because in the worst times comes the best of opportunities. God closes a door and you feel trapped, but before you know it†¦ he opens another one and its better than what you could have ever expected. So on that white sandy beach in St. Pete I found who I was in a horrible situation. That ocean is what showed me my path. And that path has peaks and valleys, but those valleys make the peaks so much higher.

The Not So Perfect Body essays

The Not So Perfect Body essays I wish I looked like that! Does this sound familiar? Millions of images everyday are pressuring teens today to be slimmer, taller, and stronger. No wonder more and more teens have a bad self-image of themselves and are willing to do anything to get the perfect body. The American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons says that the numbers of teenagers getting cosmetic surgery has more than doubled in the last few years, with the most popular surgeries as rhinoplasty (nose surgery), breast augmentation, liposuction, and otoplasty (ear surgery). Surgery is not the only way teenagers are working for the perfect body; eating disorders are becoming more frequent. The National Center for Health Statistics estimates that by college as many as 4.5% to 8% of girls have had bulimia (an eating disorder associated with binging and purging and severe weight loss). Also 1 in every 100 women is diagnosed with anorexia (an eating disorder characterized by low calorie intake and extreme exercise in order to lose weight). The complications of these disorders can cause seizures, fatigue, irregular heartbeat, slower breathing rate, and has been linked to at least 1,000 deaths per year. Though eating disorders are usually associated with females, it is projected that over one million teenage boys also suffer from these disorders. Along with the obsession for a thin, slim, body, having a well-sculpted, muscular body is another aspiration for most teenagers. In 2001 over 400,000 teenage boys reported that they were steroid users even though the drugs are illegal in the U.S. Steroids are used to enhance their muscles and strength but in the end steroids can cause severe mood swings, paranoia, delusions, impaired judgment, heart attack, cancer, liver disease, and has lead to many other complications as well as suicide. With all these risks, then why would anyone gamble their health on such a superficial cause? ...

4 Reasons You Should Take the SAT

4 Reasons You Should Take the SAT As graduation nears, tons of high school students are asking themselves this question: Why should I take the SAT? Many colleges and universities out there dont require the SAT, and theyd rather get into a university that doesnt force them to take even more standardized tests. Thats a great question, and there are some very good reasons for you to just take the SAT, even if you dont want to. Read below to see the benefits you can get from making the choice to sit for the exam. The Universally Accepted Test If youre going to college, you kind of have to take a college entrance exam like the SAT if youre attending a school that requires one (some do not). All major universities in the United States accept the SAT as a college entrance exam; most accept the ACT. Scholarships Scholarships, kids! Yes. Money often follows an impressive SAT score. Check into your college of choices SAT scholarship requirements. Many schools dole out huge bucks for great SAT scores. For instance, St. Louis university has awarded $15,000 merit scholarships for a 1210 on the combined Reading and Math scores. Villanova has given more than $10,000 for a 1310. Your school doesnt offer cash for your score? No worries.  Even if your college or university doesnt offer scholarships for your SAT score, many community organizations and foundations do. Trust me, youll appreciate not having to pay back school loans when youre all grown up if you can get much of your tuition covered with a test, so get out there and  practice for the SAT  until your fingers bleed. Balance a Low GPA So maybe you hated your World History teacher, flunked the class to spite her, and ruined that 4.0. That doesn’t mean you dont have the brain skills to survive college. Scoring high on the SAT can show off your smarts to the college admissions team when your GPA doesn’t. And yes, although admissions committees take a look at you as a whole person, not just at your SAT score, it  is  one of the pieces that makes up the picture of you. You want it to be good.   Your Scores Follow You Around I’m not kidding. When you apply for your first entry-level job, your SAT scores (if theyre good enough) are going to be on your resume, because truthfully, your pizza delivery gig can’t showcase your reasoning ability like a 90th percentile on the SAT can. You wont have a lot of job experience right off the bat. Take the SAT to prove to your first future employer that you have the smarts to be successful at your job, even if intelligence is NOT really one of the things the SAT predicts or measures.   Here are the Top SAT Registration Questions to get you started on your SAT journey. Good luck!

Mosques in America Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Mosques in America - Research Paper Example However with the emergence of Christianity and Islam, the technological development, particularly in the area of transportation and distribution of ideas, people started moving around the world more intensively, settling in other countries and bringing their religion with them. As a result, the societies which used to be homogeneous in terms of ethnicity and religion now included foreign elements. At the present moment this phenomenon can be easily observed world wide. It may be necessary to narrow the analysis down to a particular religion and country to perform a detailed examination of the issue. Thus, this paper will show mosques in the United States of America feature a considerable number of peculiarities which can be explained by the relationship between this country and the Arab world. To begin with, it may be particularly important to pay attention to those who visit mosques, namely the believers. According to a recent study, it is suggested that the number of Muslims in the United States may be underestimated. Indeed, it has been pointed out that only a million and a half people who live in America are to be seen as followers of Islam; however, it was found that Eid Prayer which is one of the major holidays in the Islamic world was attended by over two and a half million people in 2011 (Bagby, 2011, p. 4). It is quite obvious that this number may not be used as a rough estimation, but it surely casts a shadow on the previous estimates. There is no doubt that during census people might not have stated their religion or did not take part in it at all. However, one should put emphasis on the fact that the presence of Muslims in the United States is surely being underestimated. This holds important implications when it comes to the number of mosques as well as their value since there more there are Muslims, the more

Is There Any Right to Die Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 150

Is There Any Right to Die - Essay Example This question leads to an endless chain of contradictions; however, under a closer examination, it becomes obvious for everyone that such kind of existence can be barely called â€Å"life†. Nowadays medicine possesses a lot of tools, such as morphine, which are able to "facilitate" sufferings of deathly ill patients. In the meantime, the drugs change patient’s mind and psyche, which eliminates any personality features. Hence, even though the drugs may cure and help the person to defeat the unbearable pain, still human personality is being destroyed by those medicals. According to a liberal measurement of human life value, the liberal policy of European and United States stated that the value of human life is secondary in comparison with a person’s will. This means that if a person can be considered as adequate, according to psychological evaluation of one, the person is responsible for one’s own decisions and actions, and therefore one’s decision must be respected by the rest of the society. Hence, such person is eligible to do whatever one wants with his or hers own life and body, unless it causes any harm to other people and is prohibited legally (Seale, 1994). If to take a look at the issue from the personal point of view, it becomes obvious that the life has a meaning when pleasures prevail over sufferings; moreover, positive emotions are considered to be more meaningful than the negative ones. So euthanasia seems to be the only solution in some cases; for instance, when human’s life cannot be maintained in other way and suffering cannot be relieved except by death. In short, if suffering is evil, how can we morally justify preservation of life, which has turned into a constant suffering?   

Impact of Mobile Phone Technology

Impact of Mobile Phone Technology Modern Technology In the past two decades, technology has advanced and changed the manner in which people relate within family ties and social groups. Research suggests that in the 1990s, mails and letters were the most used channels for long distance communication and the postal services were very essential in fulfilling this duty. At the moment, communication has evolved from the use of land lines fixed in peoples homes to mobile phones carried everywhere to facilitate easy and quick communication. In this paper, the new possibilities unlocked by modern technology are examined and analyzed in an argumentative manner with close reference paid to mobile phones and communication. The mobile phone is a very interesting device that among all emerging trends in technology has captured the greatest number of audience with a great percentage of people owning one in reference to Elliott et al (25). The services offered by the mobile phone are so diverse from making of voice and video calls, sending text messages, to accessing social media platforms such as Facebook and WhatsApp, and also taking pictures among many other functions. The rate at which this device has been embraced by consumers of all age has brought a controversial debate on its impacts and whether people are over relying on it. The debate majorly lies on the question of whether mobile phones have taken over real human interaction and changed the manner in which people relate. A person with a mobile handset can reach anyone they want to, despite of the geographical distance between them in an instant based on Elliot et al (85). Today, text messages and the WhatsApp application have revolutionized communication by enabling people to chat and send each other pictures and videos with a lot of ease. The current generation enjoys all these services availed by the modern technology and have a different experience from their parents and guardians who grew up in a different era. Take for instance, the manner in which people in the 1900s depended on newspapers for daily updates and every morning crowds of people could be seen grasping to get a copy. A hundred years later in the 2000s, the difference is notable as one can easily witness a mobile phone in every persons hand at any time of the day, performing different tasks with their device. In this controversial topic, there are two kinds of groups, those who would condemn the embracing of mobile phones and label them as an obsession while others label it as a necessity and defend its presence. In my opinion, the mobile phone is being misused and overused. The percentage of people owning a mobile phone in the United States is approximated to be at 70% of the entire population with the rates continuously increasing in each year. The major users of these devices range in between the age of 16 years and 30 years while those above this age bracket having a lowered dependency on their phones despite owning one. The major functions performed using the mobile phones by this dominant group include; WhatsApp chatting, taking of pictures, listening to music, playing games and accessing social media sites in the internet. According to research, individuals in the mentioned age group spend more than 50% of their time on the phone, and their subconscious mind is fixed on the functions they could be doing on their phones 75% of the time. It is practically impossible to separate some individuals from their mobile phones even at family gatherings and during outdoor activities as they remain engrossed in their handsets. This is the kind of attachment associated with the mobile phone as one of the most popular modern technology. The mobile phone is associated with the most amount of distraction based on psychological research which reveals how peoples brain responds to notifications from the phone. In most cases, people have set a notification sound on their phones which alerts them in case of an incoming message or call. The notification sound takes a minds attention from whichever activity it was performing to first respond to the incoming message or call. The amount of time taken to achieve a similar level of focus by the mind after such distractions from the phone could be significant in conclusion of the ongoing activity and thus such distractions are obstructions to progress. In the case of human interactions, mobile phones have been constantly viewed as obstructions to how people relate. In the present times, it is common to find people during a face to face conversation frequently checking their mobile phones for communication with people in other parts of the world according to research from Siemens (42). The intrusion of mobile phones in human interaction is to the extent of family set ups where teenagers and kids with mobile phones carry their handset to the table during meals and repeatedly get carried away from the rest of the family. It is such behaviors that cause parents and their kids to clash during family time as real family conversations cannot be addressed while the phones are at the table. The family bond is ruined and at times, the entire family is engrossed on their phones interacting with distant friends and ignoring family members. The vice in this act is that distant connections are nurtured at the expense of real life relations where family values and bonds should be first in the priority from Turkle (135). The mobile phone was invented to ease communication and improve peoples relations but it can be said to be doing the exact opposite. The handset created a platform for people to interact, exchange information and more importantly socialize. These functions are in relation to the positive side of using a handset as it was intended to perform. The real life facts on the immediate effect of handsets on peoples relationship suggest that mobile phones are harmful to couples relations. Technology is prevalent to introverted people who find comfort in inanimate interactions rather than personal relations. The introduction of the social media technology in the mobile handset, therefore, has caused people in the modern world to become antisocial in real life. Interactions are based online and people are more comfortable relating on the Facebook and WhatsApp platforms in comparison to personal face to face relations. The negative impact on dating couples brought by the mobile phone is the stress placed on relationships due to a diversification of attention to the distant population rather than the ones nearby. The platforms introduced by social media through the mobile phone also ruin relationships by enabling couples to cheat on each other through these avenues. The internet is a hub of all possibilities, dating sites and hook up sites have been established to connect people who may intend to find new lovers online. In this way, couples who intend to cheat are aided in this task by their mobile phones through the internet access. They are also able to hide these connections by erasing any evidence which may exist on their devices or by simply locking their phones with passwords and patterns availed in the handset during the infidelity process. Modern technology aims to make peoples lives convenient by introducing an easier way of doing things that is less stressful. A shift of attention from the mobile phone and its impacts on human relations suggests that the general incorporation of technology in individuals lives contributes to a significant percentage of laziness among people. Take a remote control for instance, it is meant to facilitate easy control of technological gadgets from distance and in the process it contributes to laziness. Research indicates that most people with remote controlled gadgets within their houses have less mobility and perform such tasks at the comfort of their seats denying themselves any physical exercise. At the moment, kids have gadgets within their houses such as play stations which they use to play games after school. These indoor games have denied the kids in the current generation from engaging in outdoor activities and games which are beneficial to their health. The importance of outdoor games has been lost due to technological games which slowly replace the physical aspect of child growth. Playing outside is very healthy to the development of kids according to medical practitioners since it offers children the chance to exercise and also interact with each other. Take for instance, kids engaging in a game of baseball with a neighboring child of the same age, this fosters new friendships and improves their physical health as well as their social skills. The games played on technological devices are also very addictive and in some instances harmful to the mind. Once a child begins playing the computer games, their minds get engaged with a sense of excitement which makes them to want to play it more. In this attachment, their brains can be harmed by an increased level of anxiety and loss of sleep when they reach this level of attachment. Technological advancements in the modern day have increased dependency on easy quick fix solutions for every human problem. The easy fix solutions to problems are beneficial to individuals who gain an easy way of performing stubborn functions such as cleaning among many other operations but the general result is negative. Take for instance, an introduction of a machine or robot which performs the task which used to be performed by a human being in the early days. The indirect result is that many people will be laid off in the process of easing a specific task through technological advancements of this kind. Modification is a superb inclusion in the modern technological world but too much embracing of technology in every service is detrimental to the jobs of some human beings. When technology is embraced in every sector, it solves some problems as it creates others. The ultimate aim of human beings is to fix their problems and not to transfer them to another field. Technology in this case offers new ventures for human beings to explore while directing them to new challenges as suggested earlier. Take the practical example of the introduction of plantation harvesting machines within a society that depends on agricultural labor as their main source of employment. The owner of the plantation enjoys a reduced labor cost solving one problem while the people of the society risk losing their jobs due to the introduction of a technological solution to their work place. The level of unemployment in such an area will definitely rise as the machine eliminates the need for physical labor. Technological solutions in such a case will solve one problem and create another one. Modern technology is creating more harm than good in other areas where their complexity is too high for all humans expected to utilize its services. There is a close difference between the ways in which modern technology should be applied and how human beings without the necessary knowledge apply it. Utilization of chemical fertilizers is an additional modern technology aimed at improving the manner in which people farm and the products grown from the farms. In the process of applying fertilizers, heavy chemicals used in its preparation require an informed procedure of application that will not be harmful to the soil or the crops themselves based on Elimelech and William (712). The wrong use of these fertilizers is the reason some crops have become extinct while the soils lose their productivity after a period of application. The inability of some farmers to follow the application instructions is responsible for the environmental degradation being experienced. The soil loses its natural fertility and is unable to sustain the growth of crops as it is required. In the long run, continued application of chemical fertilizers could lead to soil poisoning which eventually harms the health of other living organisms such as animals and even human beings. The climate on the other hand has been on the negative end of technology as pollution from companies with mechanical advancements is a common aspect in the modern world. These machines require a source of fuel to run them and in the process of operation, some produce smokes known to be harmful to the earths atmosphere. Mechanization in this essence brings a negative impact to the climate and as humans embraces its operations in their daily routines the world climate suffers the most. It would be wrong to label modern technology as a demon in the current society due to human beings obsession and wrong use of the inventions brought to them. The reliance placed by human beings is the part where vices are created and modern technology produces negative results that were not expected in the start. For instance, the mobile phones inclusion in the modern world can be a very beneficial tool in the society with its capability to connect people even in different localities. The vices of the use of mobile phones appear when people get addicted to their phones and in the long run misuse them losing sight of real life connections in reference to Elliott et al (113). According to research from Bertot et al (30), addictions are harmful to ones mental and emotional health as signs of anxiety and restlessness appear when people are detached from their items of comfort such as mobile phones. People who are used to carrying their phones everywhere display a sense of stress when they forget them at home and at times compare the feeling to being naked. In terms of couples, this may be due to insecurities of what ones lover might discover in their phones during their absence. The stress associated with the mobile phone in this case becomes negative and this solidifies the argument that modern technology should be limited according to Ayyagari et al (831). The solution to this kind of dependency on modern technology lies in replacement of the gadgets with other physical activities which can shift ones focus to social events and interactions. The elimination of modern technology in this century is an attempt close to impossible but limitation of time spent on ones devices, and restriction of how people apply mechanization in all their daily routines. References Bertot, John Carlo, Paul T. Jaeger, and Derek Hansen. The impact of polices on government social media usage: Issues, challenges, and recommendations. Government information quarterly 29.1 (2012): 30-40. Elliott, Anthony, and John Urry. Mobile lives. Routledge, 2010. Siemens, George. Connectivism: A learning theory for the digital age. (2014). Turkle, Sherry. Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other. New York, NY: Basic Books, 2011. Print. Elimelech, Menachem, and William A. Phillip. The future of seawater desalination: energy, technology, and the environment. science 333.6043 (2011): 712-717. Ayyagari, Ramakrishna, Varun Grover, and Russell Purvis. Technostress: technological antecedents and implications. MIS quarterly 35.4 (2011): 831-858.

Crime and Punishment Analysis Essay

Raskolnikov’s redemption is an essential element to the story. His interaction with Profiry is a catalyst for this change. Additionally, the psychological concepts and techniques used by the investigator are crucial aspects of the narrative. In fact, his entire investigation involves the use of psychology to lure out the murderer in what Raskolnikov refers to as a â€Å"cat and mouse game. † Though Raskolnikov considers hi an adversary, his admiration for Porfiry’s intelligence and the good use to which he puts it are critical in redeeming certain aspects of his character. Porfiry Petrovitch is an intelligent young man who works for the betterment of his country. He is greatly devoted to Russia and believes his nation has a bright future. He sees Raskolnikov as a bright young man who can contribute to Russia. Through the story Petrovitch comes to realize that Raskolnikov has fallen under the influence of radical new ideas. He is clearly not a common policeman; otherwise he would have arrested the young man much earlier in the novel. Indeed, Petrovitch’s advanced knowledge of psychological methods makes him come across as an open-minded intellectual. He reads the article Raskolnikov had written about crime. He brings this up in their first encounter and Raskolnikov provides details on his ubbermensch theory. Porfiry concludes that the young student must have included himself in the theory, as he was the one who spread the new idea. He also uses other tactics, such as asking whether Raskolnikov noticed two painters at Ivanova’s apartment. This is an attempt to trap Raskolnikov, who realizes it because there were no painters on site until the day of the murder. However these clever mind games and exchanges provide the novel with a rich, compelling interaction. Raskolnikov recognized Porify’s intelligence, and fears him as an antagonist. The investigator however looks at his suspect differently. Soon Petrovitch’s aim is to show Raskolnikov the error of his theory; that his ideas cannot serve humanity unless they are executed by humane people. Thus a person must employ both humanity and intellect simultaneously in order for their ideas to improve society. By discovering the inaccuracy of his theory, Raskolnikov can begin to accept blame and punishment for his actions. Through suffering for his actions, Raskolnikov can begin his ehabilitation and progress towards becoming the valued addition to society that Petrovitch thinks he can be. Petrovitch believes that he can rehabilitate Raskolnikov into someone who can serve Russia in a useful way. This is exemplified by the final interview, in which he gives Raskolnikov additional time to confess to the crime and thereby reduce his level of punishment. Throughout their exchanges, Petrovitch pushes the main character to do the right thing by appealing to his intellect. His influence on Raskolnikov helps the young man to accept responsibility for his actions and move towards rebuilding his life.

Home Burial Essay - 911 Words

Home Burial Robert Frost’s â€Å"Home Burial† is a very well written poem about a husband’s and a wife’s loss. Their first born child has died recently. Amy and her husband deal with their loss in two very different ways, which cause problems. Amy seems like she confines their child to the grave. She never seems to le go of the fact she has lost her first child. Amy’s husband buried their child himself. This allowed him to let go and live a normal life. Amy does not understand how he could do what he did. Therefore, she wants to have nothing to do with him, especially talk to him. He doesn’t understand why she can’t let go, and why she won’t talk to him. He tries to get her to tell him why, but she just wants to go to someone else. She will†¦show more content†¦In line one-hundred and thirteen, it is obvious Amy is sad and upset. He shows movement in lines thirty-three through thirty-five â€Å"She withdrew, shrinking from benea th his arm / That rested on the banister, and slid downstairs; / And turned on him with such a daunting look,† line forty-seven â€Å"Her fingers moved the latch a little†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and line one-hundred and eighteen â€Å"†¦She was opening the door wider.† These movements let the reader know that Amy has gone downstairs, and is trying to go out the door. He describes different scenes in lines twenty-four through thirty-one â€Å"The little graveyard where my people are! / So small the window frames the whole of it. / Not so much larger than a bedroom, is it? / There are three stones of slate and one of marble, / Broad-shouldered little slabs there in the sunlight / On the sidehill. We haven’t to mind those. / But I understand: it is not the stones, / But the child’s mound.† These lines are describing their family graveyard. In lines seventy-nine through eighty-one â€Å"Making the gravel leap and leap in air, / Leap up, like that, like that, and land so lightly / and roll back down the mound beside the hole,† Amy is describing what she saw when her husband was digging their child’s grave. In lines eighty-eight through ninety-two â€Å"You could sit there with the stains on your shoes / Of the fresh earth from your own baby’s grave / And talk about your everyday concerns. / You had stood the spadeShow MoreRelated Robert Frost Home Burial - The Three Tragedies of Home Burial1295 Words   |  6 PagesThe Three Tragedies of Home Burial  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Robert Frost’s Home Burial is a narrative poem that speaks of life’s tragedies. The theme of Home Burial† centers around the death of a child. During the time period in which the poem is set, society dictated that men did not show their feelings. Therefore, men dealt with conflicts by working hard and being domineering. Home Burial demonstrates how one tragedy can cause another to occur. The unnamed couple in this poem has lost a baby toRead MoreEssay on Home Burial by Robert Frost1394 Words   |  6 PagesHome Burial, a dramatic narrative largely in the form of dialogue, has 116 lines in informal blank verse. The setting is a windowed stairway in a rural home in which an unnamed farmer and his wife, Amy, live. The immediate intent of the title is made clear when the reader learns that the husband has recently buried their first-born child, a boy, in his family graveyard behind the house. The title can also be taken to suggest that the parents so fundamentally disagree about how to mourn that theirRead MoreHome Burial1067 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Home Burial† 1. Is the husband insensitive and indifferent to his wife’s grief? Has Frost invited us to sympathize with one character more than with the other? Indeed, the husband behaves in a very indifferent and insensitive way towards his wife in dealing with their child’s loss. I believe that Frost has invited us to sympathize with both husband and wife but at different levels of understanding because both have different ways to deal with grief. In other words, what society expects asRead MoreAnalysis of Home Burial1496 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of â€Å"Home Burial† Many of Robert Frost’s poems and short stories are a reflection of his personal life and events. Frost’s short story â€Å"Home Burial† emulates his experience living on a farm and the death of two of his sons. Frost gives an intimate view into the life and mind of a married couples’ struggle with grief and the strain it causes to their marriage. The characters Frost describes are synonymous, physically and emotionally, to his own life events. â€Å"Home Burial† is a look intoRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Home Burial 970 Words   |  4 PagesWhen reading the poem â€Å"Home Burial,† you automatically assume that the story has to deal with the death of something or somebody. The couple in this poem has lost their child. The mother I in deep despair as she has the right too because, she carried the baby for nine months. It is obvious that she has never recovered from this loss, while the husband presents himself as if the whole thing never happened. Most people in this position gradually work out a way of dealing with their grief, and go onRead MoreRobert Frosts Home Burial1304 Words   |  6 PagesIn â€Å"Home Burial,† Robert Frost uses language and imagery to show how differently a man and a women deal with grief. The poem not only describes the grief the two feel for the loss of their child but also the impending death of a marriage. Frost shows this by using a dramatic style set in New Englan d. In his narrative poem, Frost starts a tense conversation between the man and the wife whose first child had died recently. Not only is there dissonance between the couple,but also a major communicationRead MoreBurial Of A Home By Robert Frost1482 Words   |  6 PagesBurial of a Home Robert Frost’s poem â€Å"Home Burial,† written in 1914, centers around the conversation of a married couple whose relationship is struggling after the death of their young child. A duality in meaning exists in the poem’s title, â€Å"Home Burial,† which references not only the death of their child but also the death of their marriage. Is the child’s death the sole cause of their marital distress? Robert Frost opens the poem in the couple’s home with the husband watching as his wife, Amy,Read MoreAnalysis of Home Burial by Robert Frost822 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Home Burial by Robert Frost Robert Frost’s poem â€Å"Home Burial† relates a drama between an estranged man and his wife. He presents a dramatic poem in the form of a dialogue about a couple that argues, differs with their opinions, and separates at the end. The center of the argument is around the death of their child. The poem is rich in human feelings; it highlights the expression of grief, frustration and anger that the couple shares while trying to deal with the death of their childRead MoreAnalysis OfTuft Of Flowers, And Home Burial970 Words   |  4 Pagesthat reveal to us the importance of learning from our sudden experiences. His wonderful poem Tuft of Flowers represents how the persona unexpectedly stumbles across a butterfly which acts as a catalyst for change, and his deeply personal poem, Home Burial explores the negative aspects of discovery through a relationship impacting their values. I will also speak about an engaging short film called Paperman directed by John Kahrs where an u nexpected encounter with a lady allows the persona to see theRead More Robert Frosts Home Burial Essay1248 Words   |  5 PagesRobert Frosts Home Burial Robert Frosts dramatic dialogue poem, Home Burial, is the story of a short, but important, episode in the marriage of a typical New England farm couple. They are typical because their public personalities are stoic and unimaginative, and because their lives are set within the stark necessities of northeastern American farm life. Yet, they are also typical in that their emotions are those one might expect of young parents who have abruptly and, to them, inexplicably

Politics Dissertations - Media Political Attitudes - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 20 Words: 5944 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? The impact of the media on public opinion, in countries across the globe, including the United States, is the subject of a growing body of academic and public discourse. The media has grown to become the main conduit for the publics understanding of world events. If the media can be said to provide wide-ranging and balanced coverage of news events there seems little or no problem of negative influence on public opinion. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Politics Dissertations Media Political Attitudes" essay for you Create order However, the belief in the neutrality of media coverage is not without its critics and the manipulation of news affects the attitudes and behaviours of those it is aimed at, namely the wider American public. The following argument will espouse the view that the media in the current period of time do have an influence on public attitudes and behaviour. Furthermore, the media are in turn influenced by external factors, which can result in the manipulation of public opinion for means preferable to the ruling establishment and business. Before embarking on a definitive answer to this question one must firmly establish definitions that will be used throughout the essay. The first issue is whether or not we can identify and employ the term media as if it were a single entity. This essay will adopt the position that media in this circumstance pertains to the news media of electronic and print journalism. There are of course vast differences between the coverage of news networks such as CNN and newspaper publication such as The New York Times. However, the argument for the all-encompassing use of the term is persuasive. Timothy Cook, for example, explains that the strong similarities of news processes and news content across modalities (television, newspapers, and newsmagazines), size of organization, national or local audiences, etc., point to the news media as a single institution (Cook 1998, p. 84). Thus, for the purposes of this analysis the term media will be taken to represent a monolithic structure encompassing b roadcast, print and digital formats. On a further point of clarity it is necessary to establish the meaning of political attitudes and behaviours. Without resorting to a dictionary definition the distinction here appears to be with peoples thoughts, private or public, and actions, such as the physical act of voting. The measuring of public opinion is complex and has been researched and discussed thoroughly elsewhere. This essay will utilise the existing literature to establish that the media does have an effect on public attitudes and will as such go on to analyse the nature of the influences. The reliance upon the media for information is a key factor in understanding its influence. In his discussion of the issue Timothy Cook states that in the United States, the privately owned news media are relied upon to provide communication from the elite to the public, as well as within the public as a whole (Cook 1998, p. 82). This reliance places the media in a powerful position of mediating not only between the American public but also between the citizens and the state. Despite the multiplicity of news outlets the content, as noted above also by Cook, is often largely similar. The effect of dominant stories being emitted across the media spectrum is one of influencing the political and other attitudes and behaviour of the American public. In his article on the subject Donald Jordan reaches the conclusion that in both newspaper items and television broadcasts experts and commentators wield heavy influence (Jordan 1993, p. 191). The crux of their influence comes in the empowering of the media, by the public, who tend to place a great deal of weight upon the importance of the news stories that reach the front page or television screen. In turn the political importance placed upon this by the public comes as the public seek to judge the stance of politicians on the issues in the media, regardless of whether the said politicians are linked to the news event (Cook 1998, p. 126). It is this perceived influence that in reverse drives politicians to respond even if the issue does not react strongly. In addition to placing a degree of importance on news stories that reach them via the media, there is also reason to suggest that the American public believe what the media say about an issue. Indeed, Hustler publisher Larry Flynt argues that many Americans buy into the newss propaganda on a nightly basis (Flynt 2004, p. 183). If one takes buy into to mean agree with or accept as fact the influence of the media becomes apparent, [t]he reporter is the recorder of government but he is also a participant (Cater in Cook 1998, p. 1). The media, under these assumptions, cannot be viewed as the benign distributors of news, but also the selectors of news and the formers of opinion. The main argument against the above description is that of active audience analysis. This approach contends that audiences routinely interpret corporate messages in ways that suit their own needs, not that of media proprietors or advertisers. However, this argument itself is disputed by those suggesting this dismisses the cumulative effect of repetitive media messages (Herman and McChesney 1997, p. 194). The traditional argument is that the media serves the public well as a force for their democratic right to know (Taylor 1997, p. 1). The American media, and indeed the media of other western democracies, is heralded as a fundamental component of the virtuosity of free speech. In the conflicts against Iraq the rhetoric in the media contrasted the free speech of the media in democratic countries against the state-run media of Husseins Iraq. The irony here is the negated recognition of media censorship by western countries during times of conflict. More worryingly this censorship can often be identified as self-censorship as media organisations seek to remain with the official government and military information channels that dominate the flow of news from the battlefield. In this atmosphere the publics right to know appears to be more akin to the public right to know what the authorities want it to know. Professionalism is also enlisted to support the assertion that the media is acting upon the best interests of the public. The argument purported suggests the individual journalists have professional pride in their work and a moral work ethic that counters efforts to influence their output. However, this does not appear to be the case and tainted news stories emerge that influence the public perception of events. The lack of diversity in news sources, as previously referred to in Cooks account, does not reflect the multiplicity of interpretations that professionalism and personal interpretation by individual reporters would suggest. Despite any well-meaning intentions the most used sources of information by journalists are official channels. Journalists also work within the remit of the editorial policies of their institutions and other dominating factors that shape the news agenda. With conformity of opinion and repetition of news stories, combined with a public willingness to place greater emphasis on the importance of events in the news, the power of the American media to influence the public attitudes and behaviour towards issues becomes apparent. The editorial policies of the media appear to be free-chosen ideals, shaped by the political leanings of those in charge. In the case of newspapers, such overt political leanings are accepted if not expected. However, even with such freedom of choice one can argue that the conservative elements of the American establishment dominate the media agenda. Larry Flynt argues the media is dominated by these influences, which are able to insert their message into the media machine: Where did these ideas come from, and why are they so popular? The answers lie in our newspapers, magazines, radio, and television, and in the people who run them. On the right, you have media piranhas who lie, distort, and work the ref until our heads spin. On the left, you have press poodles who either just do what theyre told, or are too reasonable and polite to compete with ranting, conservative lunatics (Flynt 2004, p. 148). With this in mind one can argue the more conservative elements in politics are managing to portray their version of events. If this is the case and the public place greater faith in those messages purported by the media, then the political attitudes and behaviour of the American public can be said to be influenced. The re-election of George Bush, for example, would appear to substantiate such assertions. The increased commercialisation of the industry also plays a part in the influencing of public opinion. As has been noted the maturing of commercial broadcasting not only substitutes entertainment for public service; the U.S. experience suggests that maturation brings with it a decline in variety of viewpoints and increased protection of establishment interests (Herman and McChesney 1997, p. 143). News has to be important and interesting, for the viewing public to remain engaged. This brings about the introduction of value-laden assumptions to the selection process as news is filtered by editorial staff to provide entertaining news to keep ratings, and hence advertising revenue, high. Once more the unfiltered, diverse media is actually revealed to be both ideologically and economically sieved to produce a product to engage the public. Any discrepancy from this formula can prove troublesome, as Bernhard asserts, because [p]ointing to the social costs of capitalism is still mistaken fo r disloyalty, or for psychosis (Bernhard 1999, p. 178). The same is true for any criticism of a war effort, with the attackers facing the wrath of media and public criticism if messages are deemed unpatriotic. It is also argued that commercialisation leads to the isolation of the public from the political system. This view is put forward by Herman and McChesney: [T]he commercialisation of broadcasting has further weakened democracy by delocalizing (nationalizing) politics, because, as Gerald Benjamin notes, appeals made in one place or to one group may be immediately communicated regionally or nationally. Thus the distributive politics of particular appeals to particular groups can no longer be made by candidates without their first calculating the possible effects on other groups in their electoral coalitions. The individual is more isolated, political participation tends to be reduced, and the idea of collective social action is weakened (Herman and McChesney 1997, p. 147). The political system is altered by the mass reach of media. The individual is weakened and their political attitudes and behaviours are thus altered. Political action at a local level by determined groups is less possible now and the bigger picture much be considered. While the political power of the individual is weakened so too in the breadth of knowledge they attain from the media. Commercialisation and the modern media system have led to the trivialisation of news. Events are edited and selected to appeal as entertainment. The illusion of an informed American public appears justified by the mention of events from afar but, asks Phil Taylor, to what extent this can be said to be the case is debateable: In reality, does the practice of covering world events in twelve column inches or a three-minute news segment encourage prejudice rather than empathy, national pride rather than international harmony, and emotional rather than rational judgements? (Taylor 1997, pp. 1-2). The answer would appear to be yes to each, as while the public are presented with the faade of a multifaceted media machine the content is still highly selective. The outlets may be numerous but the depth is lacking. As the media world moves evermore to the instantaneous and 24-hour news culture the demand to produce a vast quantity of visually-orientated images quickly supersedes any depth of understanding the American public could seek to ascertain. The appeal to emotion does little to stimulate educated discussion upon issues. Instead, if the carefully selected news agenda wishes it can appeal to the public to behave in a way favourable to the governments wishes. For example, during the 1999 Kosovo Conflict the media in the United States and Great Britain played great attention to the human interest stories of Albanian refugees to stir public sympathy for intervention on their behalf. However, the irony was that the chosen form of intervention, solely from the air, while resulting in no politically damaging allied casualties, did little to stem the flow of refugees. Having referred to conflict one is also inclined to believe that the above interpretation of the media in the context of war may differ. When one takes into account the negative connotations assigned to the medias role during the Vietnam War the relationship would at first appear antagonistic and preclude any bowing on the part of the media to government will. However, the trend for assigning journalists to press pools in the 1990-1 Gulf War demonstrated an effective way of embedding journalists, not only physically, but also mentally with American forces. Cooperation between the media and the government manifested itself in ignoring and attempting to change public opinion, as Phillip Knightley explains: [S]izable minorities in both the United States and Britain were against such a war and although the mainstream media largely ignored their protests, these had to be dampened down unless they gained strength. Hussein had to be demonised. He was painted as being ruthless, another Hitler, a fanatic, deranged, a psychopath, hated by his own people and despised in the Arab world. Further, from the moment his troops had arrived in Kuwait they had committed unspeakable atrocities (Knightley 2001, p. 486). In addition to the restriction of information the media echoed government messages demonising Hussein and his actions. In this respect opposition to the conflict became tantamount to support for Saddam Hussein. Opposition was deemed unpatriotic. By ignoring public protest and presenting this interpretation of events the American public were being shamed into non-verbal opposition and the opinions of proponents of the war were bolstered by the apparent large-scale acceptance of their opinions, as witnessed through the media. Such a perception of events in conflict is at odds with the reality highlighted by Flynt in this and the subsequent conflict in Afghanistan: [W]e had no media with the troops in Afghanistan. Hardly anyone realized that most western reporters were being kept far from the front lines. The war news was being censored. We were being spoon fed commentary and military press releases masquerading as hard news. That was not only an insult to the American people, it was a huge disservice to news coverage in general (Flynt 2004, pp. 162-163). On a subject as emotive as conflict one would expect a mass media to be rife with opinions and conflicting views, representing the fears and worries of a diverse American public. The reverse was in fact true. The media demonstrated in the most tense of times that not only could and would it shape the perception of the conflict to the American people; it was also willing to gloss over public attitudes and expressions of dissent in a misled quest for patriotism in a manner that had historical precursors: In joining forces to sell the Cold War to the American people, government and industry professionals clearly knew they violated precepts of a free and independent press, but they justified it to themselves as a necessary patriotic duty in a fearsome age (Bernhard 1999, p. 179). Military conflict is one arena where the influence of the media is enhanced as the American public thirst for information. However, it also appears to be the occasion when the media is most likely to filter the information it provides. As with military confrontations the influence of media affects not only US public but also beyond. As Edward Herman and Robert McChesney point out the American model for global media is the likely ideal for other world media, as is, arguably, the democratic system of government (Herman and McChesney 1997, p. 137). This also includes cultural infiltration of the American way of life with publics of other nations. Herman and McChesney go so far as to state that: We also think it very important to recognize that media effects are inseparable from broader economic, political, and cultural influences, such as external military occupation and rule, foreign indirect rule through sponsored authoritarian regimes military and police aid and training, economic and financial linkages, and tourism and educational exchanges, all of which are at least as imbalanced as media exports and imports (Herman and McChesney 1997, p. 155). In a mass media world, where the reach of information is global, perhaps one should consider not only the influence on the American public, but also the worldwide cultural influence. The impact of the American media on public attitudes and behaviour is great. The media have an unparalleled hold over information dissemination to the wider public and the message, according to many commentators, is all too readily accepted. However the messages portrayed are not the result of individual reportage and endeavour on the part of journalists. The mass media is shaped by government and commercial interests that combine to reduce diverse outlets to the same messages. In times of heightened national interest in the news agenda, such as during conflict, the process is more restricted than normal. In essence the media present the contradiction of a mass, diverse organism that through the widespread regurgitation of similar messages, lends credence to those messages, influencing the publics judgement as to their infallibility. Bibliography Articles Jordan, Donald, Newspaper Effects on Policy Preferences, Political Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 57, 1993, pp. 191-204. Books Bernhard, Nancy, U.S. Television News and Cold War Propaganda, 1947-1960, (Cambridge: 1999). Cook, Timothy, Governing with the News. The News Media as a Political Institution, (London: 1998) Flynt, Larry, Sex, Lies and Politics. The Naked truth about Bush, Democracy and the War on Terror, (London: 2004). Herman, Edward and McChesney, Robert, The Global Media. The New Missionaries of Corporate Capitalism, (London: 1999). Knightley, Phillip, The First Casualty. The War Correspondent as Hero and Myth-Maker from the Crimea to Kosovo, (London: 2001). Taylor, Philip, Global Communications, International Affairs and the Media since 1945, (London: 1997). The impact of the media on public opinion, in countries across the globe, including the United States, is the subject of a growing body of academic and public discourse. The media has grown to become the main conduit for the publics understanding of world events. If the media can be said to provide wide-ranging and balanced coverage of news events there seems little or no problem of negative influence on public opinion. However, the belief in the neutrality of media coverage is not without its critics and the manipulation of news affects the attitudes and behaviours of those it is aimed at, namely the wider American public. The following argument will espouse the view that the media in the current period of time do have an influence on public attitudes and behaviour. Furthermore, the media are in turn influenced by external factors, which can result in the manipulation of public opinion for means preferable to the ruling establishment and business. Before embarking on a definitive answer to this question one must firmly establish definitions that will be used throughout the essay. The first issue is whether or not we can identify and employ the term media as if it were a single entity. This essay will adopt the position that media in this circumstance pertains to the news media of electronic and print journalism. There are of course vast differences between the coverage of news networks such as CNN and newspaper publication such as The New York Times. However, the argument for the all-encompassing use of the term is persuasive. Timothy Cook, for example, explains that the strong similarities of news processes and news content across modalities (television, newspapers, and newsmagazines), size of organization, national or local audiences, etc., point to the news media as a single institution (Cook 1998, p. 84). Thus, for the purposes of this analysis the term media will be taken to represent a monolithic structure encompassing b roadcast, print and digital formats. On a further point of clarity it is necessary to establish the meaning of political attitudes and behaviours. Without resorting to a dictionary definition the distinction here appears to be with peoples thoughts, private or public, and actions, such as the physical act of voting. The measuring of public opinion is complex and has been researched and discussed thoroughly elsewhere. This essay will utilise the existing literature to establish that the media does have an effect on public attitudes and will as such go on to analyse the nature of the influences. The reliance upon the media for information is a key factor in understanding its influence. In his discussion of the issue Timothy Cook states that in the United States, the privately owned news media are relied upon to provide communication from the elite to the public, as well as within the public as a whole (Cook 1998, p. 82). This reliance places the media in a powerful position of mediating not only between the American public but also between the citizens and the state. Despite the multiplicity of news outlets the content, as noted above also by Cook, is often largely similar. The effect of dominant stories being emitted across the media spectrum is one of influencing the political and other attitudes and behaviour of the American public. In his article on the subject Donald Jordan reaches the conclusion that in both newspaper items and television broadcasts experts and commentators wield heavy influence (Jordan 1993, p. 191). The crux of their influence comes in the empowering of the media, by the public, who tend to place a great deal of weight upon the importance of the news stories that reach the front page or television screen. In turn the political importance placed upon this by the public comes as the public seek to judge the stance of politicians on the issues in the media, regardless of whether the said politicians are linked to the news event (Cook 1998, p. 126). It is this perceived influence that in reverse drives politicians to respond even if the issue does not react strongly. In addition to placing a degree of importance on news stories that reach them via the media, there is also reason to suggest that the American public believe what the media say about an issue. Indeed, Hustler publisher Larry Flynt argues that many Americans buy into the newss propaganda on a nightly basis (Flynt 2004, p. 183). If one takes buy into to mean agree with or accept as fact the influence of the media becomes apparent, [t]he reporter is the recorder of government but he is also a participant (Cater in Cook 1998, p. 1). The media, under these assumptions, cannot be viewed as the benign distributors of news, but also the selectors of news and the formers of opinion. The main argument against the above description is that of active audience analysis. This approach contends that audiences routinely interpret corporate messages in ways that suit their own needs, not that of media proprietors or advertisers. However, this argument itself is disputed by those suggesting this dismisses the cumulative effect of repetitive media messages (Herman and McChesney 1997, p. 194). The traditional argument is that the media serves the public well as a force for their democratic right to know (Taylor 1997, p. 1). The American media, and indeed the media of other western democracies, is heralded as a fundamental component of the virtuosity of free speech. In the conflicts against Iraq the rhetoric in the media contrasted the free speech of the media in democratic countries against the state-run media of Husseins Iraq. The irony here is the negated recognition of media censorship by western countries during times of conflict. More worryingly this censorship can often be identified as self-censorship as media organisations seek to remain with the official government and military information channels that dominate the flow of news from the battlefield. In this atmosphere the publics right to know appears to be more akin to the public right to know what the authorities want it to know. Professionalism is also enlisted to support the assertion that the media is acting upon the best interests of the public. The argument purported suggests the individual journalists have professional pride in their work and a moral work ethic that counters efforts to influence their output. However, this does not appear to be the case and tainted news stories emerge that influence the public perception of events. The lack of diversity in news sources, as previously referred to in Cooks account, does not reflect the multiplicity of interpretations that professionalism and personal interpretation by individual reporters would suggest. Despite any well-meaning intentions the most used sources of information by journalists are official channels. Journalists also work within the remit of the editorial policies of their institutions and other dominating factors that shape the news agenda. With conformity of opinion and repetition of news stories, combined with a public willingness to place greater emphasis on the importance of events in the news, the power of the American media to influence the public attitudes and behaviour towards issues becomes apparent. The editorial policies of the media appear to be free-chosen ideals, shaped by the political leanings of those in charge. In the case of newspapers, such overt political leanings are accepted if not expected. However, even with such freedom of choice one can argue that the conservative elements of the American establishment dominate the media agenda. Larry Flynt argues the media is dominated by these influences, which are able to insert their message into the media machine: Where did these ideas come from, and why are they so popular? The answers lie in our newspapers, magazines, radio, and television, and in the people who run them. On the right, you have media piranhas who lie, distort, and work the ref until our heads spin. On the left, you have press poodles who either just do what theyre told, or are too reasonable and polite to compete with ranting, conservative lunatics (Flynt 2004, p. 148). With this in mind one can argue the more conservative elements in politics are managing to portray their version of events. If this is the case and the public place greater faith in those messages purported by the media, then the political attitudes and behaviour of the American public can be said to be influenced. The re-election of George Bush, for example, would appear to substantiate such assertions. The increased commercialisation of the industry also plays a part in the influencing of public opinion. As has been noted the maturing of commercial broadcasting not only substitutes entertainment for public service; the U.S. experience suggests that maturation brings with it a decline in variety of viewpoints and increased protection of establishment interests (Herman and McChesney 1997, p. 143). News has to be important and interesting, for the viewing public to remain engaged. This brings about the introduction of value-laden assumptions to the selection process as news is filtered by editorial staff to provide entertaining news to keep ratings, and hence advertising revenue, high. Once more the unfiltered, diverse media is actually revealed to be both ideologically and economically sieved to produce a product to engage the public. Any discrepancy from this formula can prove troublesome, as Bernhard asserts, because [p]ointing to the social costs of capitalism is still mistaken fo r disloyalty, or for psychosis (Bernhard 1999, p. 178). The same is true for any criticism of a war effort, with the attackers facing the wrath of media and public criticism if messages are deemed unpatriotic. It is also argued that commercialisation leads to the isolation of the public from the political system. This view is put forward by Herman and McChesney: [T]he commercialisation of broadcasting has further weakened democracy by delocalizing (nationalizing) politics, because, as Gerald Benjamin notes, appeals made in one place or to one group may be immediately communicated regionally or nationally. Thus the distributive politics of particular appeals to particular groups can no longer be made by candidates without their first calculating the possible effects on other groups in their electoral coalitions. The individual is more isolated, political participation tends to be reduced, and the idea of collective social action is weakened (Herman and McChesney 1997, p. 147). The political system is altered by the mass reach of media. The individual is weakened and their political attitudes and behaviours are thus altered. Political action at a local level by determined groups is less possible now and the bigger picture much be considered. While the political power of the individual is weakened so too in the breadth of knowledge they attain from the media. Commercialisation and the modern media system have led to the trivialisation of news. Events are edited and selected to appeal as entertainment. The illusion of an informed American public appears justified by the mention of events from afar but, asks Phil Taylor, to what extent this can be said to be the case is debateable: In reality, does the practice of covering world events in twelve column inches or a three-minute news segment encourage prejudice rather than empathy, national pride rather than international harmony, and emotional rather than rational judgements? (Taylor 1997, pp. 1-2). The answer would appear to be yes to each, as while the public are presented with the faade of a multifaceted media machine the content is still highly selective. The outlets may be numerous but the depth is lacking. As the media world moves evermore to the instantaneous and 24-hour news culture the demand to produce a vast quantity of visually-orientated images quickly supersedes any depth of understanding the American public could seek to ascertain. The appeal to emotion does little to stimulate educated discussion upon issues. Instead, if the carefully selected news agenda wishes it can appeal to the public to behave in a way favourable to the governments wishes. For example, during the 1999 Kosovo Conflict the media in the United States and Great Britain played great attention to the human interest stories of Albanian refugees to stir public sympathy for intervention on their behalf. However, the irony was that the chosen form of intervention, solely from the air, while resulting in no politically damaging allied casualties, did little to stem the flow of refugees. Having referred to conflict one is also inclined to believe that the above interpretation of the media in the context of war may differ. When one takes into account the negative connotations assigned to the medias role during the Vietnam War the relationship would at first appear antagonistic and preclude any bowing on the part of the media to government will. However, the trend for assigning journalists to press pools in the 1990-1 Gulf War demonstrated an effective way of embedding journalists, not only physically, but also mentally with American forces. Cooperation between the media and the government manifested itself in ignoring and attempting to change public opinion, as Phillip Knightley explains: [S]izable minorities in both the United States and Britain were against such a war and although the mainstream media largely ignored their protests, these had to be dampened down unless they gained strength. Hussein had to be demonised. He was painted as being ruthless, another Hitler, a fanatic, deranged, a psychopath, hated by his own people and despised in the Arab world. Further, from the moment his troops had arrived in Kuwait they had committed unspeakable atrocities (Knightley 2001, p. 486). In addition to the restriction of information the media echoed government messages demonising Hussein and his actions. In this respect opposition to the conflict became tantamount to support for Saddam Hussein. Opposition was deemed unpatriotic. By ignoring public protest and presenting this interpretation of events the American public were being shamed into non-verbal opposition and the opinions of proponents of the war were bolstered by the apparent large-scale acceptance of their opinions, as witnessed through the media. Such a perception of events in conflict is at odds with the reality highlighted by Flynt in this and the subsequent conflict in Afghanistan: [W]e had no media with the troops in Afghanistan. Hardly anyone realized that most western reporters were being kept far from the front lines. The war news was being censored. We were being spoon fed commentary and military press releases masquerading as hard news. That was not only an insult to the American people, it was a huge disservice to news coverage in general (Flynt 2004, pp. 162-163). On a subject as emotive as conflict one would expect a mass media to be rife with opinions and conflicting views, representing the fears and worries of a diverse American public. The reverse was in fact true. The media demonstrated in the most tense of times that not only could and would it shape the perception of the conflict to the American people; it was also willing to gloss over public attitudes and expressions of dissent in a misled quest for patriotism in a manner that had historical precursors: In joining forces to sell the Cold War to the American people, government and industry professionals clearly knew they violated precepts of a free and independent press, but they justified it to themselves as a necessary patriotic duty in a fearsome age (Bernhard 1999, p. 179). Military conflict is one arena where the influence of the media is enhanced as the American public thirst for information. However, it also appears to be the occasion when the media is most likely to filter the information it provides. As with military confrontations the influence of media affects not only US public but also beyond. As Edward Herman and Robert McChesney point out the American model for global media is the likely ideal for other world media, as is, arguably, the democratic system of government (Herman and McChesney 1997, p. 137). This also includes cultural infiltration of the American way of life with publics of other nations. Herman and McChesney go so far as to state that: We also think it very important to recognize that media effects are inseparable from broader economic, political, and cultural influences, such as external military occupation and rule, foreign indirect rule through sponsored authoritarian regimes military and police aid and training, economic and financial linkages, and tourism and educational exchanges, all of which are at least as imbalanced as media exports and imports (Herman and McChesney 1997, p. 155). In a mass media world, where the reach of information is global, perhaps one should consider not only the influence on the American public, but also the worldwide cultural influence. The impact of the American media on public attitudes and behaviour is great. The media have an unparalleled hold over information dissemination to the wider public and the message, according to many commentators, is all too readily accepted. However the messages portrayed are not the result of individual reportage and endeavour on the part of journalists. The mass media is shaped by government and commercial interests that combine to reduce diverse outlets to the same messages. In times of heightened national interest in the news agenda, such as during conflict, the process is more restricted than normal. In essence the media present the contradiction of a mass, diverse organism that through the widespread regurgitation of similar messages, lends credence to those messages, influencing the publics judgement as to their infallibility. Bibliography Articles Jordan, Donald, Newspaper Effects on Policy Preferences, Political Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 57, 1993, pp. 191-204. Books Bernhard, Nancy, U.S. Television News and Cold War Propaganda, 1947-1960, (Cambridge: 1999). Cook, Timothy, Governing with the News. The News Media as a Political Institution, (London: 1998) Flynt, Larry, Sex, Lies and Politics. The Naked truth about Bush, Democracy and the War on Terror, (London: 2004). Herman, Edward and McChesney, Robert, The Global Media. The New Missionaries of Corporate Capitalism, (London: 1999). Knightley, Phillip, The First Casualty. The War Correspondent as Hero and Myth-Maker from the Crimea to Kosovo, (London: 2001). Taylor, Philip, Global Communications, International Affairs and the Media since 1945, (London: 1997).